I-Polyurethane iyinto entsha ebalulekile yamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene, yaziwa ngokuthi “ipulasitiki yesihlanu ngobukhulu”. Kusukela kufenisha, izingubo, kuya kwezokuthutha, ukwakhiwa, ezemidlalo, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindiza kanye nokuvikela izwe, izinto ze-polyurethane ezitholakala kabanzi ziyizinto ezintsha ezimele izinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali kanye nokusekelwa okubalulekile kwezwe lami ekwakheni izwe elinamandla.
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yentuthuko esheshayo yemboni yezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane, ibonise ushintsho kusukela ekushintsheni kwevolumu kuya kwekhwalithi. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye namandla okukhiqiza e-isocyanate kubekwe phambili emhlabeni. Kungene enkathini yokukhuthazwa kobuchwepheshe okungene ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Njengamanje, iShayina isibe yisizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sokukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane kanye nomkhiqizo, kanye nesifunda esiphelele kakhulu emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane.
Njengesengezo esiyinhloko se-polyurethane, ama-ejenti okwandisa i-polyurethane ayizinto ezingasabela ngokusabela kweqembu elisebenzayo ku-line polymer chain ukuze kwandiswe uchungechunge lwama-molecule futhi kwandiswe isisindo sama-molecule. Kuyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi ye-polyurethane. Ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ze-polyurethane, ama-ejenti okwandisa i-polyurethane angafeza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubili: ukunwebeka kanye nokuxhumanisa ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ze-polyurethane ezisezingeni eliphezulu, njengokuthuthukisa ukuqina, ukuqina, kanye nezinga lokudabula kwemikhiqizo yezinto ze-polyurethane, kanye nezinga lokudabula. Ukusebenza okuphelele kwe-physics kanye namakhemikhali kokumelana nokushisa, ukumelana namafutha, ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.
一, Indima kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane
I-ejenti yokwandisa i-polyurethane ibhekisela kuma-amine aphansi e-molecular kanye nama-alcohol compounds aqukethe amaqembu amabili asebenzayo, angakhiqiza i-polymer yohlobo lomugqa ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kokukhulisa uchungechunge. Ngokusebenzisa ama-ejenti okukhulisa uchungechunge ahlukene, noma ukushintsha ifomula yokukhulisa uchungechunge, kufezwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwamazinga ahlukene, futhi kukhiqizwa izinto ze-polyurethane ezinezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukene.
Indima yama-ejenti okunweba uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane ekuphenduleni kokwenziwa kwe-polyurethane ifaka phakathi:
(1) I-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane ineqembu elihlukile (iqembu le-amino ne-hydroxyl) elingenza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali nge-isocyanate. Isisindo sama-molecule kanye nokusabela okuphilayo kungenza uhlelo lokusabela lwe-polyurethane lwande noma luqine ngokushesha, lukhiqize umugqa onesisindo sama-molecule esikhulu. Ama-molecule asebenza njenge-polymer.
(2) Izandiso zeketanga ezahlukene zine-reactivity ehlukile. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-ejenti okunweba iketanga kanye nomthamo, lungisa i-viscosity ye-reactor, ama-molecule kanye nezakhiwo ze-morphological ukuze zivumelane nokukhiqizwa kwe-polyurethane kanye nemikhiqizo yezinhlelo ezahlukene kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi.
(3) Ama-ejenti ahlukene okunweba i-polyurethane anganikeza i-polyurethane izakhiwo ezahlukene, futhi ezinye izakhiwo zeqembu ezihlukile kuma-molecule okunweba iketanga zifakwa kuketanga eliyinhloko le-polyurethane, okuthinta ukusebenza okubanzi kwe-polyurethane kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali, njengokumelana namandla nokuklwebheka, ukukhathala okuvimbelayo, ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana namafutha, ukumelana nokugqwala, njll.
Ama-ejenti okwandisa i-polyurethane ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngama-amine, utshwala, kanye notshwala. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlelo zenqubo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza, i-dilate kanye ne-diol kusekelwe kakhulu ohlelweni lwenqubo kanye nesakhiwo sokusebenza. Ama-ejenti okukhulisa uchungechunge lwendabuko olufana ne-dilate njenge-ethylene glycol, i-1,4-butanol, kanye ne-dihydramol eyodwa encibilikayo, njll., anokusebenza okulinganiselwe emikhiqizweni ye-polyurethane, futhi angama-ejenti okukhulisa uchungechunge ajwayelekile. I-ejenti yokukhulisa uchungechunge enomsebenzi osobala wezinto ze-polyurethane ngokuyinhloko izigaba ezimbili: i-aromatic dihanramine kanye ne-aromatic diol. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-ejenti yokukhulisa uchungechunge olusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ibonakala ngendandatho eqinile ye-benzene. Amandla, ukumelana nokuklwebheka, ukumelana okuphakathi kanye nezinye izakhiwo.
I-aromatic diharamine expansion agent ayiyona nje into ebalulekile edingekayo yezinto zokwenziwa ze-polyurethane elastic series. I-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane ebanzi kakhulu, embi kakhulu, futhi enkulu kunazo zonke esebenza kahle kakhulu.
Imizimba yendabuko yokuthulula i-polyurethane elastic ngokuvamile iqiniswa ngobuchwepheshe bezinyathelo ezimbili, okungukuthi, izinto zokwenziwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, bese zihlanganiswa nama-ejenti okunweba uchungechunge ukuze ziqine. Kuye ngohlobo lwe-isocyanate, izinto ezenziwe kusengaphambili zingahlukaniswa cishe zibe izinhlobo ze-TDI kanye ne-MDI. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalezi ezimbili, umsebenzi wokusabela ngaphambi kwesikhathi we-TDI uphansi, futhi uhambisana kakhulu nama-ejenti okunweba uchungechunge lwe-amine asebenza kakhulu; umsebenzi wokusabela okwenziwe kusengaphambili we-MDI uphakeme, kanye ne-ejenti yokunweba uchungechunge olusekelwe ku-hydroxy ene-seal esebenzayo ephansi ye-hydroxyl. Ngokwezidingo zezimo zokusetshenziswa kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha i-ejenti yokunweba uchungechunge efanele ngemuva kokukhetha ngemuva kohlobo lwe-isocyanate.
Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokwandiswa kweketanga le-polyurethane esebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezici zokusetshenziswa
2.1 I-ejenti enkulu yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-arammer dihan amine
Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu, i-aromatic dihamine dilation agent iyona evame kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu ekunwetshweni kweketanga ezintweni ze-polyurethane elastic.
Ama-ejenti okukhulisa i-aromatic dianramine asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka phakathi i-3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diodes (i-MOCA: uhlobo I, uhlobo Ⅱ, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, njll.), i-1,3-propylene glycol I-Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), i-4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), i-polyphamorethyl ether i-Diol i-aminbenzoate enama-pair amabili (P-1000, P-650, P-250, njll.), i-ethylene torneramine engu-3,5-two (DETDA, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-E-100), i-3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-E-300) neminye imikhiqizo.
Ukubuka konke kwezimpawu zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko kungokulandelayo:
I-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-MOCA iyi-ejenti yokuqala yokwandisa uchungechunge olusebenza kahle kakhulu etshalwe ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni ezweni lakithi. Iyisimo esiqinile ekamelweni lokushisa. Inezici zemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane engasetshenziswa ngokuphepha nangokulula, okungahlangabezana nezici zezincazelo nezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuqina kwe-polyurethanes kunamandla aphezulu, kugoba phezulu, kumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu, kumelana nolaka, kumelana nokugqwala nezinye izakhiwo eziphelele. Ingenza imikhiqizo emikhulu. Kungukusebenza okuphelele kwe-ejenti yokwandisa i-aromatic dilate. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-DuPont ngawo-1950, i-MOCA ibilokhu ithatha isikhundla esibalulekile emkhakheni wokuqina kwe-polyurethane. Njengamanje iyi-ejenti yokukhulisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane enkulu kunazo zonke. Ibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokuqina kwe-polyurethane. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi be-MOCA abaziwayo eShayina yilaba: iSuzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (inkampani engaphansi kweJiangsu Xiangyuan Chemical Company), iHuaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., iShandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. IHua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (eyayikade iBinhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), iChizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iTaiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., iTaiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., kanye neKatshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngaphansi kobuholi bezinkampani zaseShayina, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-MOCA buthuthuke kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-Xiangyuan New Materials inqoba inkinga yempilo yomsebenzi wabasebenzi, ukungcola okukhulu, kanye nokuqina okunganele kokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogenation ye-hydrogenation ye-hydrogenation ye-hydrogenation. Indlela eqhubekayo ikhuthaza i-hydrogenation ye-acoustics ehlanzekile kakhulu kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-MOCA, iqaphela ukuzenzekela, ivalwe ngokuphelele, ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza, iqaphela izinyibilikisi, ingenalo uthuli, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa okonga amandla kanye nokukhipha ugesi. Idivayisi yokukhiqiza ye-MOCA eqhubekayo isibe ngumkhiqizi womkhiqizo odumile emhlabeni wonke we-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Xiangyuan New Materials iphinde yathuthukisa ama-ejenti okwandisa uchungechunge lwe-Xylink740M kanye ne-Xylink P, yaqaphela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwalolu chungechunge lwemikhiqizo, yakhuthaza abakhiqizi bezinto ze-polyurethane ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokwandisa izinhlelo zokusebenza.
2.2 I-ejenti enkulu yokwandisa i-diol e-aromatic diol dilateral
Ama-agent avame ukusetshenziswa njenge-aromatic diol dilation ahlanganisa i-phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl-based ether (HQEE), i-interciphenylbenols, i-hydroxyl ether (HER), kanye nengxube ye-phenolic pyrodhenol esekwe ku-hydroxyethyl (HQEE-L), ingxube ye-Hydroxyethylhhexybenol (HER-L), njll., isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ze-polyurethane zezinhlelo zenqubo ye-MDI, okuyi-ejenti yokwandisa uchungechunge olungenabo ubuthi nolungcolisayo. Ukubuka konke kwezimpawu zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko kungokulandelayo:
I-HQEE chain expansion agent iyi-molecule structure symmetrical aromatic diol expansion agent. Iyinhlayiya eqinile, ayinabo ubuthi, ayinangcoliso, futhi iyacasula. Ihambisana kahle ne-MDI futhi ingandisa ngempumelelo impilo yezinto ezibonakalayo. Izinto Ezintsha ze-Xiangyuan zithuthukise ama-HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L series chain expansion agents. Ikhwalithi iphakeme kunemikhiqizo efanayo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, futhi imikhiqizo ithengiswa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
2.3 Ezinye izinto zokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-aromatic ezisebenza kahle kakhulu
Ngokukhula kwamasimu akhulayo e-polyurethane, ama-ejenti amasha okunweba i-polyurethane kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kuye kwakhuthazwa njalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo semakethe ye-polyurethane. Amabhizinisi okukhiqiza athuthukise izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-ejenti okunweba iketanga elikhethekile elisebenza kahle.
I-Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) iwukunwetshwa kweketanga okuqukethe ama-amino amabili angenazo izinsimbi, okusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela izembozo ezingenasombululo noma eziqinile kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-polyette avamile okufafaza, umkhiqizo unempendulo elinganiselayo, ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kokwakhiwa, kanye nokusebenza kahle komkhiqizo okuphelele. Ine-gloss enhle nemiphumela ebonakalayo ngama-polycoges ekulungiseleleni i-polycisotripocyanate enamafutha, ukuguquguquka okuhle kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, izinguquko eziphuzi ezingamelani nophuzi, ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala, ukumelana nesimo sezulu okuhle, kanye nokuvikelwa isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwamabhuloho, imigudu, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zephansi kanye nezimpawu zomgwaqo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ezisetshenzisweni eziphezulu njengezembozo zokuvikela kanye nezembozo zesikhumba ezihlanganisiwe ze-helicopter zama-blades amandla omoya. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nokukhuthazwa kwalo mkhiqizo kuzosiza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwezembozo.
Ukusabalala (311) kwe-aromatic diharamine kanye ne-sodium chloride compounds (311) kuwuhlobo lokuhambisana kwe-aromatic diharamine kanye nosawoti ongaphili. Kungalinganiswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-polyurethane pre-polystants ekushiseni kwegumbi. Kufanelekile ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezinkulu. Imikhiqizo yendawo, i-microwave vulcanization, kanye nezinye izikhathi ezidinga isikhathi eside sokusebenza, zingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokwelapha ye-epoxy resin. Imikhiqizo efanayo ifaka phakathi i-Caytur 31DA e-United States, i-Xylink 311, i-Xiangyuan New Materials.
Ezinye izinto zokwelapha ezisebenzisa umkhumbi-ngwenya njenge-oxidazole, i-ketone amine, njll. zinganciphisa amathuba okumbozwa noma eminye imikhiqizo ukuze kukhiqizwe amabhamuza esigabeni esiphakathi sokwelapha, futhi inendawo yokuthuthukiswa.
三、Isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwama-ejenti okunweba uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane
Imboni yokwandisa i-polyurethane yezwe lami inesisekelo sentuthuko esibuthakathaka. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, imakethe yokukhulisa iketanga le-polyurethane yasekhaya ibilokhu ilawulwa yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Selokhu kwangena kuleli khulu leminyaka, iqembu lezinkampani zokukhulisa iketanga le-polyurethane lendawo elimelelwe yi-Xiangyuan New Materials liphumelele ekuqedeni iketanga le-polyurethane langaphandle ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokuqongelela i-R&D kanye nobuchwepheshe. Eminye yemikhiqizo yokukhulisa iketanga le-polyurethane yezwe lami ifinyelele ezingeni lemikhiqizo efanayo yamazwe ngamazwe.
Njenge-ejenti yokwandisa i-amine polyurethane ebanzi kakhulu, inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-MOCA ivuthiwe, izinzile, iphakathi nendawo, futhi ifanelekile ekuphenduleni. Emkhakheni wokuthulula umzimba onwebekayo ezisetshenziswayo ezingezansi, ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwe-TDI, inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane liqoqe inani elikhulu lamafomula avuthiwe emikhiqizo ye-polyurethane ifomula evuthiwe ye-Essence kanye nokusebenza kwe-MOCA kuhlolwe ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokusebenza kwemakethe kanye namakhasimende. Izindleko ziphakeme kakhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka yokusetshenziswa, kuye kwavela isithiyo esithile senqubo. Inendima engenakuphikwa, futhi insimu yesicelo iyaqhubeka nokukhula.
I-European Chemical Administration, njengesikhungo esiphethe isitifiketi se-EU Reach, ikhiphe umbiko ngoNovemba 30, 2017. Ngemva kokuqhathanisa izingozi zokuphepha, ukusebenza, kanye nezindleko zamanani, iphakamise ukuthi emkhakheni womzimba we-polyurethane elastic, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo we-MOCA Ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nezinye izinzuzo kuvelele, futhi okwamanje azikho ezinye izindlela.
Imboni yokwandisa i-polyurethane yaseShayina yaqala sekwephuzile. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ukusekela okubuthakathaka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye namathalente e-R & D anganele, imakethe yokukhulisa iketanga le-polyurethane yasekhaya ibilokhu ilawulwa ngamabhizinisi amaningi. Kuze kube ngawo-1990, abakhiqizi abaningi bokukhulisa iketanga le-polyurethane yasekhaya baphumelela ekuphuleni i-monopoli yobuchwepheshe bangaphandle ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqongelela kobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo ethile ye-ejenti yokwandisa iketanga le-polyurethane kwafinyelela ezingeni lemikhiqizo efanayo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ikakhulukazi, izinto ezintsha ze-Xiangyuan zihole ekwakheni idivayisi yokukhiqiza i-MOCA eqhubekayo engamathani ayi-10,000. Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe kwafinyelela ezingeni eliphambili neliphambili emhlabeni. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi be-MOCA yasekhaya bakwazile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-ionamine yamahhala. I-MOCA e-granular kanye ne-MOCA eshintshashintshayo ephuzi eshisayo emikhiqizweni yochungechunge lwe-MOCA iyathandwa yimboni ye-polyurethane.
“Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Nambili Lweminyaka Emihlanu” Lohlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Nambili Lweminyaka Emihlanu “lwemboni ye-polyurethane luphakamisa ukuthi ngaphezu kokwandisa izinga lokukhiqiza le-MOCA yokwandiswa kweketanga elisezingeni eliphezulu, ukukhuthazwa nokusetshenziswa kwama-ejenti amasha okwandisa iketanga i-MCDEA, i-E-100, i-HER, i-HQEE neminye imikhiqizo kufanele kwandiswe. Ngokusekelwe emikhiqizweni yochungechunge lwe-MOCA, ngokuhlukahluka kwezinto ze-polyurethane nemikhiqizo, eminye imikhiqizo emisha yokukhulisa iketanga nayo ivele, yakha isakhiwo esihlukile ngemikhiqizo ye-MOCA.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, imikhiqizo emisha yama-agent okwandisa uchungechunge lwe-aromatic asebenza kahle kakhulu inezinzuzo ezithile ngesivinini sokuphendula, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukusebenza, ukuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Uhlelo lokusebenza luye lwavuthwa kancane kancane, futhi inani lohlelo lokusebenza liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Isibonelo, i-P-1000, i-P650, i-P250, i-740M, ngenxa yezici zayo eziluhlaza, ezinobungani nemvelo, ezingenabo ubuthi, kancane kancane yavula imakethe yohlelo lokusebenza emikhakheni eminingi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthukiswa nokukhula kohlelo lwe-MDI olunobungani nemvelo, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwama-agent okukhulisa ukwahlukana kwe-aromatic diol asebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-HQEE ne-HER ahambisana kangcono futhi ahambisana nohlelo lwe-MDI siye sanda kancane kancane, okwenza i-polyurethane iqine kahle kakhulu emzimbeni. Ukusebenza okukhethekile njengokumelana nokushisa kanye namandla okudabuka. Ngaphezu kokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yokuthulula, ingakhiqiza futhi imikhiqizo ye-thermoplastic elastomic esebenza kahle kakhulu, engancishiswa. Ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa ezinezidingo zokusebenza eziphezulu zezinto ze-polyurethane emazweni athuthukile kanye nezinye izinto ze-polyurethane, ama-agent okwandisa uchungechunge njenge-740m, HQEE, HER ayajula ukusetshenziswa. I-ejenti entsha yokwandisa uchungechunge inezinzuzo ezihlukile ekuhlukanisweni okuthile, futhi umkhawulo wobuchwepheshe uphakeme kakhulu. Njengamanje, imakethe yasekhaya isesesigabeni sokukhuthazwa kwesicelo.
Iphethini yokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-polyurethane
Imboni ye-polyurethane eNyakatho Melika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu iqoqe amashumi eminyaka yentuthuko. Imboni inamandla amakhulu obuchwepheshe embonini, futhi imakethe isivuthiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abathengi kulezi zindawo banezidingo zokusebenza eziphakeme zemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane, futhi isidingo sama-ejenti amasha okunweba uchungechunge sishesha kune-MOCA. Njengamanje, amazwe athuthukile njengeYurophu ne-United States athatha ingxenye enkulu yesidingo sama-ejenti amasha okunweba uchungechunge.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-polyurethane esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific nakwamanye amazwe asafufusa kuba yimbangela eyinhloko yokufunwa kwe-polyurethane emhlabeni jikelele. Phakathi kwazo, isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific sesivele siyimakethe yabathengi be-polyurethane enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ebalelwa cishe ku-48% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke; amanye amazwe asafufusa njenge-India, iBrazil, iMexico, njll., isidingo se-polyurethane ezakhiweni, ezintweni zokwakha, ifenisha yasekhaya nakwezinye izimboni siyanda. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States, ezinye zalezi zifunda kulezi zifunda zisesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Zizwela kakhulu entengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa embonini ye-polyurethane futhi zinaka kakhulu izindleko kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko. Esikhathini esizayo, esikhathini esizayo, le ndawo izoqhubeka nesidingo esikhulu sama-MOCA abiza kakhulu.
Njengamanje, izinkampani ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zokwandisa i-polyurethane, njengeKazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., i-United States Air Chemical (ukuthengwa kweWinchuang ngo-2016), kanye ne-United States Coco (eyatholwa yiLangsheng ngo-2017), njll., zalawula umhlaba. Ingxenye enkulu yesabelo semakethe sama-ejenti okwandisa iketanga, ezinye izinkampani ezincane ezingenayo intuthuko ohlelweni locwaningo lwemboni - inyuvesi - zisusiwe ngenxa yomthelela wekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nentengo, futhi ukuhlushwa kwemboni yokwandisa iketanga kukhule kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani ezinkulu nazo zithembele emandleni amakhulu emali kanye nesizinda socwaningo nentuthuko ukuze zandise izinto zokusetshenziswa zobungcweti kanye nesilinganiso sokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, futhi zimise izisekelo zokukhiqiza ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke kanye nezikhungo zokuthengisa kanye ne-R & D ezindaweni ezinezinsiza ezinhle kakhulu, izimakethe, kanye nezimo zomsebenzi.
5. Isimo samanje kanye nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwama-ejenti okunweba i-polyurethane
Njengesengezo esibalulekile sezinto ze-polyurethane, ama-ejenti okwandisa i-polyurethane asetshenziswa kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-CASE (kufaka phakathi izembozo, izinamathiselo, ukuvala kanye nemizimba ethambile) ezintweni ze-polyurethane. Phakathi kwazo, umzimba we-polyurethane elastic uyinto yokwenziwa ye-polymer phakathi kwerabha ejwayelekile kanye nepulasitiki. Inokunwebeka okuphezulu kwerabha kanye nobunzima obuphezulu kanye namandla aphezulu epulasitiki. Izikhathi ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-10), inedumela "lenkosi yerabha engagugi" futhi inamandla amahle okusebenza, ukumelana namafutha, ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukumelana nokugoba kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa okuphansi kanye nokushisa. Ngaphezu kohlobo lokuthulula olujwayelekile kanye nomzimba we-polyurethane elastic we-thermoplastic, izinto zomzimba we-polyurethane elastic zihlanganisa nezinamathiselo, izembozo, ukuvala, izinto zokuganda, i-sole, isikhumba sokwenziwa, i-fiber, njll. eziba izinto ze-polyurethane elastic. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinga lobuchwepheshe, ukunwebeka kwe-polyurethane kuthathelwe indawo irabha, ipulasitiki, kanye nezinsimbi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengezimoto, izimayini, ukuphrinta, imishini, ukucubungula imishini, ezemidlalo, kanye nezokuthutha.
Ngokwezibalo ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezifanele, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane CASE yaseShayina (umzimba onwebekayo, izembozo, isikhumba sokwenziwa, ukuvala kanye nezinamathiselo) ngo-2021 kwakungu-7.77 million tons, kanti isilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-11.5% ngo-2016-2021 sasingu-11.5%.
Ukuqina kwe-polyurethane yaseShayina ngo-2016 kwakungu-925,000 amathani, kanti umkhiqizo ngo-2021 wafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.5, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe esingu-10.2%; isilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka sokusetshenziswa sasingu-12.5%. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2025, umkhiqizo womzimba we-polyurethane elastic wezwe lami uzofinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.059, okuzobe kusathuthuka ngokushesha.
Emhlabeni jikelele, umkhiqizo womhlaba wonke we-polyurethane elastomers ufinyelele amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.52 ngo-2016 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.539 ngo-2021, ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwenhlanganisela yonyaka esingu-7.0%. Ngo-2025, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwe-polyurethane elastomer kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.495, okubonisa ukuthambekela kwentuthuko okusheshayo nokuzinzile.
I-thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka. Amandla ayo okudonseka aphezulu, amade, amelana namafutha, ukumelana nokushisa okuphansi, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, kanye nokumelana ne-ozone kuyabonakala, futhi ububanzi bobulukhuni bubanzi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwemakethe kwe-TPU kukhule kusukela embonini yezicathulo kuya emikhakheni yemakethe ephezulu njengemithi, izindiza, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2021, isilinganiso sokukhula kwe-compound yonyaka sokukhiqizwa kwe-TPU eShayina sasiphezulu ngo-14.5%. Ngo-2021, umkhiqizo we-TPU wezwe lami wawungamathani angaba ngu-645,000. Izwe lami selibe yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elikhiqiza i-TPU. Umkhiqizo kanye nomthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle ukhule kancane kancane eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Ngokombono wesidingo, imakethe ye-TPU yomhlaba wonke okwamanje igxile eYurophu, e-United States, nasezifundeni zase-Asia-Pacific. Phakathi kwazo, isifunda sase-Asia esiholwa yiShayina yimakethe yesifunda esheshayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-TPU yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwezibalo zeKomidi Elikhethekile Le-Elastic le-China Polyurethane Industry Association, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane ezweni lakithi ngo-2018 kwafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-11.3, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers (TPU+CPU) kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.1%.
I-TPU isengomunye wemikhiqizo ekhula ngokushesha nge-polyurethane maduze nje. Izwe lami seliyizwe labathengi be-TPU elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngokwezibalo, isilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esihlanganisiwe sokusetshenziswa kwe-TPU yaseShayina ngo-2017-2021 sasiphezulu ngamaphesenti ayi-12.9, lapho ukusetshenziswa okuphelele ngo-2021 kwakungamathani ayi-602,000, ukwanda ngo-11.6% unyaka nonyaka. Ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwe-TPU yomhlaba wonke kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.09 ngo-2021, ukusetshenziswa kwe-TPU yasekhaya kudlule ingxenye yomhlaba. Esikhathini esizayo, izidingo zezinto zezicathulo, ifilimu, amapayipi, nezintambo zizoba namandla kakhulu. Emkhakheni wemishini yezokwelapha, izintambo zekhebula, nefilimu, izothatha indawo yezinto zendabuko ze-PVC. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ithathe indawo ye-EVA emkhakheni wezinto zezicathulo. Kulindeleke ukuthi i-TPU izohlala i-10 esikhathini esizayo 10 10 % Noma ukuthambekela kokukhula okwengeziwe. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzofinyelela cishe amathani angu-900,000 ngo-2026.
Njengoba ukwanda kancane kancane kwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, izindleko zemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane elastic ziphansi, ukuhlukahluka kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, isidingo semakethe sithuthukile, futhi intuthuko yezimboni iyashesha. Ngesikhathi se-“Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweshumi Nane”, imboni ye-Case kufanele ikhuthaze ngamandla ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ngendlela yokuqukethwe okugxile emanzini, okungenazincibilikisi, nokuqina okuphezulu; yandisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-CASE kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwesakhiwo sezinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa, igxile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-polyphonus yamanzi e-polytianmen; igxile ekwenzeni ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwethiyori kanye nobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela olusekelwe emanzini; ithuthukise ukusebenza komkhiqizo, ithuthukise imikhiqizo emisha, yandise insimu yokufaka isicelo, futhi ikhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda entsha kwezokuthutha ngesitimela, emgwaqweni omkhulu, emhubheni webhuloho, ekudlulisweni kwamandla, njll. Kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimu yezokwelapha; ikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kwezinamathiselo ze-polyurethane ze-zero formaldehyde ukuze kufakwe amapuleti okwenziwa; ithuthukise imikhiqizo ye-ammonia ehlukanisiwe, esebenzayo, futhi enenani eliphezulu; iqinise ubuchwepheshe bocwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sezinto ezingangeni manzi ze-polyurethane, ukusebenza, isikhathi sokuqina; ikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-polyurethane ezakhiweni ezilungisiwe.
Iziqondiso eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwensimu ye-elastomer yilezi:
Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane ezimotweni. Imboni yezimoto yanamuhla ithuthukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, isisindo esincane, induduzo kanye nokuphepha. Izinto zokwenziwa ngerabha nepulasitiki kancane kancane zithatha indawo yezinto zensimbi, okuvula ithuba elikhulu kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer e-polyurethane.
Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane okwakha. Izinto ezivamile ezingangeni manzi ze-asphalt ziye zathathelwa indawo kancane kancane ngezinto eziqinile, ezihlanganisiwe ezingangeni manzi ze-polyurethane; Ukusetshenziswa kwethrekhi yezemidlalo ye-polyurethane kuyanda kakhulu. Izindawo zokuxhumanisa amabhuloho amakhulu, isitimela esisheshayo, umzila wesikhumulo sezindiza kanye ne-caulking yomgwaqo omkhulu nazo zenziwa kancane kancane nge-PVC elastomer eqiniswa ekushiseni kwegumbi.
I-polyurethane elastomer yokusetshenziswa kwezimayini. Kunesidingo esikhulu sezinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezimelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu kanye nokunwebeka ezimayini zamalahle, izinsimbi kanye nezingezona ezensimbi.
I-polyurethane elastomer yezicathulo. Ukuqina kwe-polychloride ester kunezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kwe-buffering, isisindo esincane, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokushelela, njalo njalo, sekuyinto ebalulekile yokusekela embonini yezicathulo.
I-polyurethane elastomer yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ukuhambisana kahle kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhambisana kwegazi kanye nokungabi khona kwezithasiselo kuyizizathu ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-TPU kanye ne-CPU emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye nezempilo kubanzi kakhulu.
Ishidi elisha le-polyurethane elihlanganisiwe. Ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezihlanganisiwe kulindeleke ukuthi bulethe isikhathi esisha sokuqhuma kwemakethe yama-polyurethane elastomers.
Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokwandisa uchungechunge lwe-Polyurethane “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwe-14”
Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, intuthuko esheshayo yensimu yokwakha, imboni yezimoto, imishini yobuhlakani be-elekthronikhi, amandla amasha kanye nezimboni zokuvikela imvelo kuye kwashukumisa kakhulu isidingo semikhiqizo ye-polyurethane. Ama-polyurethane amakhulu omhlaba ayaqhubeka nokusungula ubuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa, futhi azoqhubeka nokukhuthaza intuthuko kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo emisha ye-polyurethane. Ngokwanda kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane emkhakheni kanye nobubanzi bemakethe ye-terminal engezansi, isidingo esihlukahlukene semikhiqizo ye-polyurethane sizokhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko yama-ejenti e-polyurethane chain.
Eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane kwezinye izindawo ezikude nakho kuzothuthuka ngokushesha. Ochwepheshe bezimboni bahlaziya ukuthi isidingo somhlaba wonke se-polyurethane sizokhula ngesilinganiso esingu-4.5% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, isilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka sesidingo se-polyurethane silinganiselwa ku-5.7% emikhakheni yefriji, izicathulo, izindwangu, ezokuzijabulisa kanye neminye imikhakha. Isidingo emkhakheni womkhiqizo sikhuphuke kancane, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi sibe cishe ngu-3.3% ngonyaka. Amazwe asafufusa esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific asekelwe ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhulisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezansi, futhi isidingo se-polyurethane sizofinyelela izinga lokukhula eliphindwe kabili minyaka yonke.
Njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile embonini ye-polyurethane, imboni yezithako ze-polyurethane yezwe lami kumele isebenzise ngokungaguquki umqondo omusha wokuthuthukiswa. Ngezansi, isihloko sokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwemboni ye-polyurethane, kanye nesiqondiso sokukhuthaza imboni ye-polyurethane ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwephethini entsha yokuthuthukiswa "komjikelezo ophindwe kabili", kugxilwe ekuguqulweni okuluhlaza, okune-carbon ephansi, kanye nokwedijithali. , Sheshisa ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwezimboni lwesimanje, khuthaza "amaphutha" emikhiqizo ephezulu, "bamba ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko" "bokugcina", "vula umgwaqo omusha" emikhiqizweni yendabuko, futhi ukhuthaze izwe lami ukuthi lisuke ku-polyurethane liye ezweni elinamandla.
Njengamanje, i-polyurethane chain extender isibe ngenye yezinto zokwakha ezidingekayo ze-polyurethane kumaphrojekthi amakhulu engqalasizinda kazwelonke. Imboni ye-polyurethane chain extender ikhulisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha, ithuthuka ngendlela yokuvikela imvelo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu. Igxile ezidingweni zezindiza, ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, amandla amasha, izimoto, isitimela esinejubane eliphezulu, ezokuthutha ngesitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho amakhulu, ezempilo kanye nezimboni zokuvikela zezwe, ukuguqulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwempumelelo yezobuchwepheshe ye-polyurethane chain extender entsha kuyasheshiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-polyurethane iyonke.
Isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-polyurethane chain extender ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-green chain extender esezingeni eliphezulu, esebenza kahle kakhulu ekuvikeleni imvelo. Akugcini nje ngokuhlanzekile futhi akungcolisi enqubweni yokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi kuphephile futhi kuluhlaza enqubweni yokusetshenziswa ukukhuthaza inqubo yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-polyurethane eluhlaza. Okwesibili, ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-chain extender ekhona, ukuze i-chain extender yobungcweti ekhona igcwale amandla amasha okusebenza. Izinga lobuchwepheshe lamanye amabhizinisi e-polyurethane chain extender asekhaya lilingana nelezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokusetshenziswa ukuze abasebenzisi abaningi baqaphele ukuphakama kwemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza imikhiqizo ye-aromatic diamine ewuketshezi ngokusebenza okulula nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, kanye nokusebenzisa umphumela wokubambisana we-chain extender ukuze kongiwe amandla futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kanye nezindleko. Okwesithathu ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo emisha ngokuya ngesidingo semakethe, ukuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo efanelekile nekhwalithi ephezulu embonini ye-polyurethane, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe engezansi nokwandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa.
Kwizinto zokwakha i-polyurethane elastic, i-chain extender iyisengezo esibalulekile nesibalulekile esinenani elikhulu kanye nenani eliphezulu elengeziwe, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izinto ze-polyurethane ngisho nepulasitiki ye-foam, i-polyurethane chain extender inomthelela osobala ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza komkhiqizo. Embonini ye-polyurethane, isikhala semakethe ye-polyurethane chain extender sikhulu kakhulu. Ukuze kukhuthazwe futhi kuholwe intuthuko esezingeni eliphezulu yomkhakha we-polyurethane, kubalulekile ukuqinisa ucwaningo lokusetshenziswa kanye nokukhuthazwa kwe-polyurethane chain extender, futhi kuthuthukiswe izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu ze-polyurethane chain extender ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokunaka impilo, ukonga amandla, ukuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza kokusetshenziswa, ukuze kube negalelo elikhulu empilweni engcono yabantu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-08-2023