I.Ukubuka Konke Kwemboni kanye Nentuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe
I-Polyacrylamide (PAM), njengenye yamakhemikhali okwelapha amanzi abaluleke kakhulu, yenze intuthuko enkulu ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemakethe eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngokusho kombiko wakamuva wocwaningo lwemakethe, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-PAM ifinyelele ku-$4.58 billion ngo-2023 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ibe ngu-$6.23 billion ngo-2028, ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingu-6.3%. Umkhakha wokwelapha amanzi ubanga ngaphezu kuka-65% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele, okusebenza njengomshayeli oyinhloko wokukhula kwemboni.
1. Ukuphumelela ku-Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Ngo-2023, ithimba locwaningo elivela eNyuvesi Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe baseShayina lashicilela okutholakele okubalulekile ku-*Nature Water*, lathuthukisa ngempumelelo izinto ezintsha ze-APAM ezinezici "zokuphendula okuhlakaniphile". Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa ama-molecule, lo mkhiqizo ungalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwakheka kwawo kwama-molecule ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni zokungcola emanzini, uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokususa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo ngo-40%, okulungele kakhulu ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka okumbiwa. Idatha yasensimini evela kuphrojekthi yokwelapha amanzi amdaka emigodini yethusi eJiangxi ibonise ukuthi lezi zinto zifinyelele ukususwa kwama-ion ethusi angu-99.2% ngenkathi zinciphisa izindleko zokwelashwa ngo-35%.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iMitsubishi Chemical yaseJapan yethule uchungechunge lwe-APAM olungamelana nokushisa okuphezulu olugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ku-80-120°C, lubhekana nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ekuphathweni kwamanzi angcolile endle kawoyela negesi. Lo mkhiqizo ubonise ukusebenza okuvelele ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwamanzi endle kawoyela eSaudi Aramco, usheshisa isivinini sokwakheka kwe-floc ngo-50% futhi wehlisa isikhathi sokuphumula sibe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemikhiqizo evamile.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe ku-Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Umkhakha wokwelashwa kodaka ubone izinguquko ezishintshayo. Ekuqaleni kuka-2024, i-BASF yaseJalimane yethule umkhiqizo wesizukulwane esisha we-CPAM onesisindo sama-molecule esiphezulu kakhulu onesisindo sama-molecule esingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 zama-Dalton. Ngobuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokuxhumanisa, lo mkhiqizo wakha izakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezixineneyo ngesikhathi sokususwa kodaka, wafinyelela okuqukethwe komswakama wodaka ngemuva kokususwa kwamanzi okungaphansi kwama-58%—ukuthuthuka kwamaphuzu ayi-10% kunemikhiqizo evamile. Ngemva kokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, i-Paris Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant yandise umthamo wokwelashwa kodaka ngo-30% ngenkathi inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngo-15%.
Okuphawuleka kakhulu, inkampani entsha yaseDashi yathuthukisa i-CPAM ye-biosynthetic isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo be-CRISPR. Ekhiqizwa nge-*E. coli* fermentation enjiniyela, le nqubo igwema ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwe-acrylamide monomer, inciphisa ubuthi bomkhiqizo ngo-90% futhi inciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngo-65% ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Nakuba izindleko zamanje zihlala ziphakeme ngo-20% kunezindlela zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuncintisana kulindeleke lapho kufezwa ukukhiqizwa kwesikali ngo-2026.
3. Ukusetshenziswa Okunwetshiwe kwe-Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
I-NPAM ikhombisa izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele ekuphathweni kwamanzi okukhethekile. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, i-Dow Chemical yethule uchungechunge lwe-NPAM oluzwela i-pH olulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isandiso se-molecular chain ngaphakathi kwe-pH 2-12, luthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubanjwa kwe-nano-scale suspended solids ngezikhathi ezi-3-5. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekulungiseleleni amanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu embonini ye-semiconductor, kufinyelelwa amazinga ekhwalithi yamanzi angu-18.2 MΩ·cm.
Abacwaningi baseNingizimu Korea bathuthukise i-NPAM ebonakala ngokukhanya-ebolayo ngokwethula amayunithi esakhiwo se-azobenzene. Ama-polymer asele angabola abe ama-compound amancane-molecule zingakapheli amahora angu-48 ngaphansi kokukhanya kwemvelo, okuxazulula ngokuphelele izinkinga ze-PAM zendabuko. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlolwe ezitshalweni zamanzi okuphuza ezikhethiwe zaseSeoul, kanti kulindeleke ukuthi kuthengiswe ngo-2025.
II. Ukuguquguquka Kwemakethe kanye Nentuthuko Yesifunda
1. Ushintsho Ekuhlelweni Kwemakethe Yomhlaba Wonke
Isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific sesibe yimakethe ye-PAM ekhula ngokushesha, equkethe ama-46% okusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke ngo-2023, kanti iShayina inegalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni. Idatha evela ku-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation ikhombisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-PAM yaseShayina kufinyelele kumathani angu-920,000 ngo-2023, kanti ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kugcina izinga lokukhula lonyaka elingu-15%—ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-CPAM ephezulu, lapho ukuncika kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuhlala kuphezulu njengo-40%.
Imakethe yaseYurophu ikhombisa ukuthambekela okuhlukile. Iqhutshwa yimithetho eqinile yezemvelo, imikhiqizo ye-PAM ebolayo yandise isabelo semakethe kusuka ku-8% ngo-2020 yaya ku-22% ngo-2023. I-Veolia yaseFrance imemezele izinhlelo zokufaka esikhundleni se-CPAM yendabuko ngokuphelele ngezinketho eziluhlaza ngo-2026.
Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika, eqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa kwegesi ye-shale, iyaqhubeka nesidingo esikhulu se-APAM. Ukungeniswa kwe-US PAM kukhule ngo-18% ngo-2023, kanti u-60% usetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile kawoyela negesi. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi iMexico ivele njengesikhungo esisha sokukhiqiza, lapho izinkampani eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe zisungula izisekelo zokukhiqiza zasendaweni.
2. Amanani kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwe-Supply Chain
Kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2024, izimakethe zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-PAM zibhekane nokushintshashintsha okukhulu. Amanani e-acrylamide monomer afinyelele phezulu emlandweni ku-Q3 2023 kodwa abuyela emazingeni afanele nge-Q2 2024 njengoba i-China yengeza amandla amasha okukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, amanani e-cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) aqhubeka nokukhuphuka ngenxa yokunikezwa okuncane kwe-propylene oxide ephezulu, okwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ze-CPAM ngo-12-15%.
Ngokuphathelene nezinketho zokuhlinzeka, abaholi bemboni basheshise ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile. I-Solvay Group itshale imali engu-€300 million esisekelweni esisha sokukhiqiza esihlanganisiwe eBelgium, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwenqubo ephelele kusukela ku-acrylonitrile kuya emikhiqizweni yokugcina. Okulindeleke ukuthi kwethulwe ngo-2025, lokhu kuzonciphisa izindleko eziphelele ngo-20%. Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo ashintshele ekukhetheni okukhethekile—isibonelo, i-Italmatch yase-Italy igxile ekuthuthukiseni amafomula akhethekile e-APAM okususa usawoti emanzini olwandle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-09-2025