I.Ukubuka konke Kwemboni kanye Nentuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe
I-Polyacrylamide (PAM), njengenye yamakhemikhali okwelapha amanzi abaluleke kakhulu, yenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekusungulweni okusha kwezobuchwepheshe nasekusetshenzisweni kwemakethe eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngokombiko wakamuva wocwaningo lwemakethe, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-PAM ifinyelele ku-$4.58 billion ngo-2023 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ifinyelele ku-$6.23 billion ngo-2028, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe esingu-6.3%. Umkhakha wokuhlanza amanzi wenza ngaphezu kwama-65% okusetshenziswa isiyonke, okuwumgogodla wokukhula kwemboni.
1. Ukuphumelela ku-Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Ngo-2023, ithimba labacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe YaseShayina lashicilela okutholakele okubalulekile kokuthi *Nature Water*, lakha ngempumelelo inoveli ye-APAM enezici “zokuphendula ngobuhlakani”. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-molecular, lo mkhiqizo ungalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucushwa kwawo kwamangqamuzana ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezingcolile emanzini, uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwe-ion yensimbi esindayo ngo-40%, efanelekile ikakhulukazi ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimayini. Idatha yasensimini evela kuphrojekthi yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile emayini yethusi e-Jiangxi ibonise ukuthi le nto izuze ukukhishwa kwe-ion yethusi engu-99.2% ngenkathi yehlisa izindleko zokuhlanza ngama-35%.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Mitsubishi Chemical yase-Japan yethula uchungechunge lwe-APAM olumelana nokushisa okuphezulu olugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ku-80-120°C, lubhekana nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile ensimini kawoyela negesi. Lo mkhiqizo ubonise ukusebenza okukhethekile ohlelweni lokuhlanza amanzi endaweni kawoyela ye-Saudi Aramco, kusheshiswa isivinini sokwakheka kwe-floc ngo-50% nokunciphisa isikhathi sokumisa sibe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemikhiqizo evamile.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezobuchwepheshe ku-Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Umkhakha wokwelapha udaka ubone izinguquko ezishintshayo. Ekuqaleni kuka-2024, i-BASF yaseJalimane yethula umkhiqizo omusha we-CPAM onesisindo samangqamuzana esingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 zama-Daltons. Ngobuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokuxhumanisa, lo mkhiqizo wenza izakhiwo zenethiwekhi eziminyene ngesikhathi sokususa amanzi ngodaka, uzuza umswakama wodaka ngemva kokuchithwa kwamanzi ongaphansi kuka-58%—ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphuzu angu-10 kumikhiqizo evamile. Ngemva kokwamukela lobu buchwepheshe, Indawo Yokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Kamasipala waseParis yenyuse umthamo wokuhlanza udaka ngo-30% ngenkathi yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngo-15%.
Okuphawuleka kakhulu, isiqalisi se-Dutch sakha i-CPAM ye-biosynthetic kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo be-CRISPR. Ikhiqizwe nge-engineered *E. coli* ukuvutshelwa, le nqubo ikugwema ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwe-acrylamide monomer, inciphisa i-ecotoxicity yomkhiqizo ngo-90% futhi inqamule ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngo-65% ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Nakuba izindleko zamanje zihlala ~20% ziphakeme kunezindlela zokuhlanganisa amakhemikhali, izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuncintisana zilindeleke ekuzuzeni ukukhiqizwa kwesikali ngo-2026.
3. Izinhlelo zokusebenza Ezinwetshiwe ze-Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
I-NPAM ibonisa izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele ekwelashweni kwamanzi okukhethekile. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, i-Dow Chemical yethula uchungechunge lwe-NPAM oluzwela i-pH olulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isandiso se-molecular chain phakathi kwe-pH 2-12, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuthwebula okuqinile okumisiwe kwesikali se-nano-scale izikhathi ezi-3-5. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekulungiseleleni amanzi e-ultrapure embonini ye-semiconductor, kufinyelelwe amazinga ekhwalithi yamanzi angu-18.2 MΩ·cm.
Abacwaningi baseNingizimu Korea bathuthukise i-NPAM ebonakalayo-engonakaliswa ukukhanya ngokwethula amayunithi esakhiwo se-azobenzene. Ama-polymer ayizinsalela angakwazi ukuwohloka abe yinhlanganisela ye-molecule encane phakathi namahora angu-48 ngaphansi kokukhanya kwemvelo, axazulule ngokuphelele izinkinga ezingokwesiko zezinsalela ze-PAM. Lobu buchwepheshe buye bahlolwa ezitshalweni zamanzi okuphuza zaseSeoul, okulindelwe ukuthengisa ngo-2025.
II. I-Market Dynamics kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwesifunda
1. Ukushintsha kwe-Global Market Landscape
Isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific sesiphenduke imakethe ye-PAM ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ebalwa ngama-46% okusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke ngo-2023, kanti iChina ibambe iqhaza elikhulu lokukhula. Idatha evela e-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation ikhombisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-PAM yaseChina kwafinyelela amathani angama-920,000 ngo-2023, izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe zigcina izinga lokukhula lonyaka elingu-15%—ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ye-CPAM esezingeni eliphezulu, lapho ukuncika kwamanye amazwe kuhlala kuphezulu njengo-40%.
Imakethe yaseYurophu ibonisa amathrendi ahlukene. Iqhutshwa imithetho eqinile yezemvelo, imikhiqizo ye-PAM ebolayo ikhuphule isabelo semakethe sisuka ku-8% ngo-2020 saya ku-22% ngo-2023. I-Veolia yaseFrance yamemezela izinhlelo zokuthi esikhundleni ngokugcwele i-CPAM yendabuko isebenzise ezinye izindlela eziluhlaza ngo-2026.
Imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika, eqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa kwegesi ye-shale, iqhubeka nesidingo esinamandla se-APAM. Ukungeniswa kwe-PAM yase-US kukhule ngo-18% ngo-2023, kwathi u-60% wasetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okumba uwoyela negesi. Ngokuphawulekayo, iMexico isivele njengendawo entsha yokukhiqiza, enezinkampani eziningi ezisungula izisekelo zokukhiqiza zasendaweni.
2. Amanani kanye Nokushintshana Kokuhlinzeka Ngempahla
Kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2024, izimakethe ze-PAM zokusetshenziswa zibe nokuguquguquka okukhulu. Izintengo ze-Acrylamide monomer zifinyelele phezulu emlandweni ngo-Q3 2023 kodwa zibuyele kumazinga aphusile ngo-Q2 2024 njengoba i-China yengeza umthamo omusha wokukhiqiza. Nokho, amanani entengo ye-cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) aqhubekile nokukhuphuka ngenxa yokutholakala kwe-propylene oxide eqinile ekhuphuka nomfula, okwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza i-CPAM ngo-12-15%.
Mayelana namaketanga okuhlinzeka, abaholi bezimboni basheshise ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile. I-Solvay Group itshale izigidi ezingu-€300 endaweni entsha yokukhiqiza edidiyelwe e-Belgium, ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwenqubo ephelele kusuka ku-acrylonitrile kuya emikhiqizweni yokugcina. Kulindeleke ukuthi yethulwe ngo-2025, lokhu kuzonciphisa izindleko eziphelele ngo-20%. Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo ashintshele ekuqeqesheni okukhethekile—ngokwesibonelo, i-Italmatch yase-Italy igxile ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka okukhethekile kwe-APAM yokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-09-2025